Importance Of Henrietta Lackss Cells - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 875 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Henrietta Lacks Essay Did you like this example? The purpose of this paper is to inform readers, about the immortal life of Henrietta Lacks and the importance of her cells. In 1951, Henrietta died of cervical cancer at John Hopkins hospital. Henrietta cells were taken without any knowledge and used to form a cell line called HeLa. No one ever knew about her personally, just only about the cells, they took from her. Scientists were using HeLa cells to develop a vaccine for polio during her time. Continuously, over time they still use these cells to find other vaccines. On August 1, 1920, Loretta Pleasant was born in Roanoke, Virginia. In 1924 after the death of her mother, she was sent to live with her grandfather where she shared a room with her first cousin David Day Lacks. When Loretta was 14, her and her cousin David had their first child who they named Lawrence. Four years later the couple had their second child, a daughter who they named Elsie. In 1941, they finally married and she decided to change her name to Henrietta Lacks. A few months after they became married, they packed all there things and moved out to Maryland. Once they arrive, they had three more children named David Jr., Deborah, and Joseph. They had to move their first daughter, Elsie, into a Hospital for the Insane because she was developmentally disable. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Importance Of Henrietta Lackss Cells" essay for you Create order At the end of 1950, Henrietta started experiencing abnormal pain and bleeding in her abdomen. She went to John Hopkins Hospital on January 29, 1951 to finally diagnose her pain. Physician Howard Jones was quick to diagnose her with cervical cancer. Two cervical samples were removed during her radiation treatment without her knowledge. Later on October 4, 1951, Henrietta died at Johns Hopkins Hospital but the cells from her tumor made its way to the laboratory of researcher Dr. George Otto Grey long before then. This was were he noticed, that unlike most cells that could only survive a few days, Henrietta cells were far more durable. He singled out and multiplied a specific cell and made a cell line. He named the sample HeLa, derived from Henrietta Lacks. Since then, over thousands of patents involving the HeLa cells have been registered. Multiple researchers use the cells to study disease and to test new products and substances(Henrietta Lacks Biography). These researches brought of the problem of ethics because she was never informed about the research. Informed consent is the patient granting they know the possible outcome when it comes to there treatment they are receiving or the surgery they are going to have. If they do not get consent it goes against the code of ethics. It is considered unethical to go through with the procedure if a patient has not okayed it or if a guardian/caretaker has made a decision. Doctors must describe the advantages of the surgery or the disadvantages of the surgery. The doctor must also get a written consent from the patient or the patients guardian/ caretaker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many believe that the Lacks family should not be compensated due to the fact that it was their mother who contributed to the research that America has today; they had nothing to do with it. Many would also say that the cells taken from Henrietta could have been taken from anyone else. Those who believe that, in our opinion, are wrong. The cells taken from Henrietta were taken from her tumor, not her body. General human cells, divide up to 40-50 times while Henriettas cells continue to divide. Henriettas cells have improved scientist health medication and helped human bodies for decades. The family should be compensated because of Henriettas contribution. They should also be compensated because the doctors did not ask for consent upon taking her cells.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HeLa cells were very important in scientific and medical breakthroughs. These cells lead to some of the best scientific breakthroughs of the century. HeLa cells were useful in the research of the vaccine for Polio and other developments to help fight flu, cancer, and Parkinsons disease. Along with research came cloning and mapping genes. All of these medical breakthroughs would not be possible if not for a nearly 60 year old woman, Henrietta Lacks. Henrietta was a poor black 30 year old woman who was suffering from cervical cancer. This cancer is how HeLa was made. The doctors took cells from her tumor and started their research without her permission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Was what the doctors did ethical? Just taking someones cells without asking for permission? Well if you did not know, every time you give blood or give some skin to any doctor they can use that for medical research. That doesnt seem ethical using peoples cells and dna without them knowing. However, scientists do it and publish there findings everywhere without most patients knowing. Ethical or not it still happens and most people never know.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henrietta Lacks should not be known just for her cells. She was a mother and wife before anything. The way researchers did her, couldve been avoided. If they would of informed her about this earlier, than maybe the family would of reacted differently. We always have the right to anything that belongs to us. The HeLa cells did impact science in a huge way and for that we should all give big thanks to Henrietta Lacks.

Living An Authentic Christian Life - 1006 Words

The term Christian, literally meaning little Christ, should clearly express to every believer their ultimate goal. Everything a believer says, does and strives for should be unmistakably in line with the words, actions and goals of Jesus, as they daily strive to become more and more like Him. In order for this to happen there are two detrimental aspects that need to be considered. Character and service are two key ingredients in the life of one alive in Christ that go hand in hand as described in Romans 12. The believer’s new identity needs to continually transform their character to that of Christ, and their actions must identify them as servants of the King. I. Christian Character Theological Definition The character of a Christian†¦show more content†¦It is only by the salvation of Jesus and faith in Him that one can come to see these truths. It is only by the revelation of God’s Word that one can come to understand these truths. And it is only by the power of the Holy Spirit that we can come to live by these truths (John 16:13). Practical Application Authentic Christian character is shaped when one aligns their will with the will of God. The application of this comes from the directive of Romans 12:1,2 â€Å"I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that you present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service. And do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, that you may prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect will of God.† When we dissect this we can see three the key points. First, it is God who initiates the action with His character of mercy. Second, the Christian is called to reflect the sacrificing character of their Savior by committing their whole being in as a living sacrifice to the will of God and for his service. Finally, the believer is reminded that they are to walk in such a way that is different from the world in which they live. They are to continually renew their mind with regular and dilig ent study of God’s Word. 2 II. Christian Service Theological Definition AShow MoreRelatedThe Birth Of The Monastic Movement Affect Augustine s Thinking About Marriage1020 Words   |  5 Pageswrites the confessions †¢ Monica- Augustine’s mother and a devoted Christian †¢ Adeodatus- He was a â€Å"gift from God† and was very unhappy when he lost his partner after 13 years †¢ Manicheism- a new religion, Augustine became part of this religion when he was about 20 years old. †¢ Elect- Special people were vegetarians and are certain fruits and vegetables. †¢ Hearers- People that were forbidden from the Elects. †¢ Ambrose of Milan- a Christian bishop and also a provincial governor. †¢ Donatists- were theRead MoreThe Response Of Prejudice And Terror947 Words   |  4 Pagesinitially is what starts this humanist response, where other individuals may follow by example. While interpreting the work of Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard, existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre came to the conclusion that the way to have an authentic experience in life, an individual must make decisions for themselves without the input of pressures by others [2]. During the Nazi occupation of Paris, Sartre believed people had one of two philosophical options, the existentialist options of making the decisionRead MoreMethods of Evangelism1560 Words   |  7 PagesAmen.† There are many methods of evangelism for the believer to use in sharing the Good News of Jesus Christ. These methods were developed to help the believers that find sharing difficult. Dr, Ben Gutierrez writes, â€Å"Nothing will instill a doctrine, life-lesson, principle or skill into a person’s mind more than having to teach it to someone else.† This thought, coupled with the principle of repetition, will allow the believer to become an effective evangelist. Part ONE - Evangelistic Method #1 - OneRead MoreEssay about Christian Tradition: THe Importance of Baptism789 Words   |  4 PagesIn a contemporary Christian environment one of the most prominent practices to have a significant contribution to Christianity as a living religious tradition is Baptism. Baptism is of utmost importance for most Christian denominations. It has profound significance for the individual who is baptised and is also important for the Christian community as a whole. As a sacrament of initiation, Baptism calls its adherents to become missionary Disciples of Christ. It is through baptism that one’s faithRead MoreMethods of Evangelism1020 Words   |  5 Pagesexplaining salvation, it is literally using Scripture in sharing the faith. Disadvantages of Using This Method – One disadvantage is the fact that all of the sources in this method are Scripture. While this is a great thing in reality, for a non-Christian who does not assume the Bible to be God’s word, it can come across as less credible from his/her perspective. The Romans Road method is a path to salvation and clearly uses Scripture as support and sources. This method has the potential of leadingRead MoreThe Christian Life896 Words   |  4 PagesThe Christian life is a discussion that the details of its description such as the definition, ground and power are not easy to explain. The scriptures paint a vast web of each author’s ideals on what the Christian life should be. For example, in I Corinthians 6: 1-8 we see Paul referring to the different standards that must prevail in the Christian community and then in Ephesians we see the distinction of Christians from the nations. (Hessert, 16) Every Christian has this picture of what living theRead MoreAnalyzing The Passages, That The Apostle John1290 Words   |  6 PagesApostle John, in his letter to the churches in Asia Minor, communicated vital assurances of authentic faith in Jesus Christ. By understanding John’s encouragement then, believers can contemplate their own comfort and confidence provided through faith in Christ today. I. Introduction II. Context of First Epistle of John a. Historical b. Literary III. Assurance in Eternal Life (1 John 5:13-21) a. In Eternal Life (v. 13) b. In Prayer (vv. 14-17) c. In Victory over sin and Satan (v. 18) d. As Children ofRead MoreContemporary Perspectives On Human Sexuality Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinition of authentic sexuality is viewed in several ways through a spectrum that includes theological perspective and contemporary society’s perspective. These perspective have affected one’s current perspective and beliefs that are perverted. It has veered from God’s original intention on authentic human sexuality, which is described in several books of the Bible. Since there is a difference in understanding and view on human sexuality, it has affected one’s daily life, and especially Christian professionalsRead MoreThe Between Science And Metaphysical Frameworks1568 Words   |  7 Pages Many have often pondered the question â€Å"what is the meaning of life?† and still many more have established the belief that the answer to that question is to serve a higher power who admonishes our moral and ethical duties. The concern about a divine framework and the so-called â€Å"grand scheme† within it, is a fruitless tree of thought, made important only by those who seek to instill false hope and ultimately stoke the fires of fear through their pontification. It is a metaphysical rockingRead MoreTheme Of Paganism In Beowulf1179 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen composed in the native language as spoken during the Anglo-Saxon reign in England, preceding the Norman Conquest. Beowulf is regarded as a classic tale which relates the defeat of evil and triumph of good. The poem is divided into three acts. Christian and Pagan Influences in Beowulf: The Pagan deities, rituals as well as pagan ideas influenced Beowulf, when it was being created, though the passing down of the epic narrative in verbal form, the Christianity age would provide a residual effect

Homelessness Essay - 2928 Words

Throughout the entire history of human civilization, the prevalence of homelessness has been a challenge to every nation. It might be depressing to learn that no countries today have eradicated homelessness, but the human race is never stopped from trying harder than before to tackle this prolonged issue. As the two leading economic powers, America and China have to face the challenge of reducing homelessness. According to a report written by Nation Coalition for the Homeless, â€Å"a study done by the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty which states that approximately 3.5 million people, 1.35 million of them children, are likely to experience homelessness in a given year† in America alone (National Coalition for the Homeless, July†¦show more content†¦They end up being constantly laid off or cannot find a suitable position at all. The unemployed thus become a part of the homeless community. Thirdly, the marginalization of the poor also contributes to the homeless remaining on the street. Partly because of low socioeconomic status, the already homeless rarely receive fair treatment from people of other classes. Constant rejection by others has made them cynical about the society and consequently, they refuse to receive help of any kind. Last, an adequate support system has not been established in China: the number of homeless people greatly exceeds the shelters’ capacity, leaving many of the homeless unaided. To date, since all the Chinese shelters are sponsored by the government, lack of funding to support relief programs has become a major obstacle to reduction of homelessness. Another aspect of homeless service system in these two nations worth investigating is those who are qualified to receive help. In the U.S., shelters seem to provide help to a broader range of homeless population compared to their counterparts in China. The traditionally defined homeless are not the only ones who will be served. The unemployed, substance abusers, victims of domestic violence, and people with physical or mental disabilities can also seek help in a shelter. Many shelters encourage all homeless people to enter and receive service as long as they are optimistic and have strongShow MoreRelated Homelessness in America Essay608 Words   |  3 Pages Homelessness is not something that was created over night; it has existed for a long time; often we choose not to see the homeless, or bother with them, so we look the other way.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Homelessness is not prejudice toward race, creed, or religion--it has no boundaries; all homeless people should not be stereotype d as being drug abusers or the mentally ill that have been released from mental hospitals. Homelessness is not a disease that a person can catch from bodily contact, but it certainlyRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Homelessness1485 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Essay Draft 2 Although most American citizens do not typically notice government programs in their daily lives, implemented policies have major effects on American citizens. It is estimated that around 1.35 million children suffer from homelessness due to their families living on the streets (Crook). With this massive housing conundrum, the United States government should increase funding for the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act. Increased funding would decrease homelessness by loweringRead More Homelessness Essay559 Words   |  3 Pages Homelessness in our society. The existence of homeless people in our society is still evident today. Everywhere you look around our cities, parks and streets it is likely that you will witness a homeless person struggling to survive. This is most certainly a social justice issue, every Australian deserves a secure and comfortable place to dwell, not left on the streets to perish. In society the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer. People today are far to driven by work and money to seeRead MoreEssay on Homelessness1569 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness is a serious problem in our society. Every night in our nation thousands of people are on the streets. This type of behavior is considered deviant because it does not reflect the norms and values of our society. In many cases the homeless people in our country are treated as total outcasts. Many of these people have severe mental disorders. Some are victims of an economy that has failed them. One may ask how such harsh situations exist in such an advanced society. With all the moneyRead MorePersuasive Essay On Homelessness1074 Words   |  5 PagesAstonishingly, 564,708 people are currently homeless in the United States, according to Social Solutions (Social Solutions, 2016). The topic, â€Å"Living Poor,† has only become much more apparent in the news and in everyday life. Two essays, On Compass ion by Barbara Lazear Ascher and On Dumpster Diving by Lars Eighner, can be evaluated as discussing two different aspects of the homeless situation in America. After close reading, On Compassion more effectively achieves its purpose of defining compassionRead More homelessness Essay497 Words   |  2 Pages All over America, there are people wandering the streets without a home. These individuals are seen as a crowd, a separate collective existence. They are called the homeless, as if that defines who they are, but we too often neglect to add the unspoken word in that title: people. It seems today that the more fortunate citizens of America who have a roof over their heads have forgotten their innate responsibility to watch over those in this world whom are incapable of caring for themselves. TragicallyRead MoreCauses of Homelessness Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesCauses of Homelessness Bentley Martin BSHS/302 July 16, 2011 Joey Schumacher Causes of Homelessness There are many factors that lead to poverty and homelessness. People often jump to conclusions and form stereotypes to look down upon those who are poor. Stereotypes include poor people who are viewed as lazy, jobless, criminals, or un-educated. When I think of a homeless individual, I would agree with most of the stereotypes and find within the reading and researching that there is more toRead MoreEssay on Solving Homelessness1416 Words   |  6 PagesSolving Homelessness Nationwide homelessness is a growing epidemic across the country. There are many ways an individual can become homeless, for the most part it is poverty. There are also different concentrations of homeless in different types of environments, such as urban or suburban areas. Last, there is the ever-growing homeless population, and how much money it costs us for others to live in poverty. A way we can help find the solution to this problem, is to know the facts about this lingeringRead MoreHomelessness in America Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Bush Administration consisting of $528.5 billion for homeless programs (Romeo 1). The problem of homelessness and extreme poverty is not a new occurrence; but in past years more extreme measures have been taken to combat the issue as more people become homeless. Expensive social programs and housing developments for the homeless have been created to help battle the increasing issue. Homelessness is an expensive problem that will never end; f urthermore, the condition of homeless people in AmericaRead MoreHomelessness - Speech Essay628 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness - Speech Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to begin by telling you a little story. Everyday, on my way to work, I come across this smart and neat young man selling the Big Issue. I never pay much attention to him and in fact would rather he wasn’t there at all making me think about all those people in the UK who, like him, are homeless. How many of you have ever felt that same way? Most of us try to ignore these people living in the streets who are forced

Runaway Love free essay sample

They are forced to take care of themselves because their own family member does not care for them. The purpose of this song is that Ludacris is trying to get his auditors to understand that children go through struggles just like adults. Girls that young of an age should be relishing their childhood, but they are forced to take on the roles of an adult and manage on their own. The video begins with Ludacris and Mary J. Blige walking down a tunnel. While walking they see pictures of missing kids all over the wall. Throughout the video various girls of different ages are shown looking sad and confused as to â€Å"why the world is so cold†. As the video processes Ludacris tells stories of three individuals whose lives are changed due to acts of neglect. The first being Lisa, a nine year old girl, who coming from an unstable home is trying to figure out why she never met her dad or any of her family. We will write a custom essay sample on Runaway Love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wanting to talk with someone, she turns to her mom. But she is never home. One day while â€Å"mama is on drugs getting high up in the kitchen. Bringing home men at different hours of the night†, one sneaks off into Lisa’s room and has his way with her. She tries to tell her mom but she does not believe her. The only option that she has is; â€Å"get some clothes and pack; she says shes bout to run away and never come back†. In the video, Nicole, a ten year old, deals with insecurity, and stresses from her alcoholic step-dad who always wants to strike her. Leaving her with bruises she seems to be making up excuses when teachers ask questions. Not knowing who to turn to, she befriends a girl, Stacy, telling her secrets and they â€Å"promise that they always be tight til the end†. Unfortunately, because they live in a violent eighborhood, where brutality can strike anywhere and anyone, little Stacy gets shot by a drive by bullet; while crossing the street. Now Nicole is stuck in the world own her. Not knowing what else to do she says, â€Å"She’s bout to run away and never come back†. Erica, whom is eleven years old, also deals with daily struggles in her life. Because she does not feel safe, she abuses he r body by popping ecstasy â€Å"to get rid of all the pain†. She thinks she is in love when she meets a sixteen year old boy, who knows just how to lure her in, and has unprotected sex. Of course she becomes pregnant and her so called lover â€Å"†¦bails out he aint ready for a kid†. She is too poor for abortion and knows that her mother â€Å"will blow it all outta proportion†. Now stuck with the responsibility of taking care of the baby and herself, Erica has nowhere to turn to. Unable to handle her consequences, â€Å"she says shes about to run away and never come back†. The tone of â€Å"Runaway Love†, melancholy and dark, opens one’s eyes to the life that most people try to ignore. The image painted in the video shows that Ludacris is portraying a very serious atmosphere and wants his listeners to relate to the characters. The message his is trying to convey is strong: he wants his listeners grasp the signs of abuse so that adolescents would not feel like â€Å"hell is a place called home†. The song ends with Ludacris saying â€Å"†¦I can only image what youre going through ladies, sometimes I feel like running away myself, so do me a favor right now and close your eyes, and picture us running away together, when we come back everything is gonna be okay, Open your eyes † to comfort the girls and let them know that someone out there cares.

Interpreting Accounting Information for Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Interpreting Accounting Information for Decision Making. Answer: Introduction Accounting Information Systems is considered to be a method of collecting, keeping and processing accounting and financial information that are usually used by makers of the decision. It is usually a computer-based system that is used by diverse companies for monitoring accounting activities in conjunctions with resources of information technology (Collier, 2015). In manufacturing companies, Accounting Information Systems, is usually designed to support all the accounting activities and functions that encompass auditing, financial accounting and reporting, management accounting and taxation. This paper discusses the aspect of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) and the role it plays in the manufacturing company value chain, how it can help in making decisions and how it can be utilized to offer a competitive advantage for a manufacturing firm. Role of Accounting Information Systems in the value chain of a manufacturing organization A manufacturing organization involves the conversion of raw materials to finished goods. In a manufacturing setup, raw materials are subjected to the production process and finished goods obtained later after the end of the process (Davenport, 2013). To ensure continued manufacturing process, free from any form of stoppage, it is important that there is a timely availability of information. Raw materials should be procured in time and finished goods distributed in a timely manner to customers. Accounting Information System plays a vital role in a manufacturing business value chain. The roles include; Accounting Information System assists in the collection and storage of data and economic agents since diverse data are important for purposes of decision-making in a company. AIS stores data in relation to suppliers of raw materials and the amount of raw materials required to keep the production process going. The stoppage of the manufacturing process leads to significant losses and affects the corporate image identity. Accounting Information Systems (AIS) plays a role in the value chain of a manufacturing concern by transforming data into information which helps in management decision making. Data is of no importance if it is not converted to information through analysis that is usually done through AIS (Gelinas, Dull, Wheeler, 2011). On a daily basis, management has a duty of making decisions meant to help the company achieve its objectives. Therefore, AIS helps management in making informed decisions that are often vital to the business operations. Accounting Information Systems (AIS) helps a manufacturing concern develop controls that ensure that information is available as and when required. Additionally, AIS helps in boosting the accuracy and reliability of information in a manufacturing concern, thereby making an organization achieve its objectives. Developing proper controls often enables the manufacturing firm with reliable guidelines that if utilized effectively will result in improved productions and sales. How AIS can assist with decision making in a contemporary manufacturing organization As noted, a manufacturing concern entails the conversion of raw materials to finished goods. This happens through an established production process. However, to ensure timely production of goods, it is important that there is proper coordination between departments in an organization (Grabski, Leech, Schmidt, 2011). The coordination entails the establishment of sustainable communication channels with the suppliers of raw materials who are key players in the production process because they ensure that there is no stoppage in the manufacturing process. Similarly, on the part of customers, there should exist a good relationship between the organization and the customers through established communication channels which will ensure smooth flow of data and communications across all the organization units. For decision making, both accounting and the non-accounting information are important. Managers have to make decisions regarding how much raw materials to procure to enhance continuity of the production process, and from whom (Urqua, Prez, Muoz, 2011). Additionally, a decision has to be made on the amount of good to produce in order to meet demand and avoid shortages and the associated costs. AIS, therefore, help managers in decision making by availing necessary information regarding the quantity and quality of raw materials needed for production and the quality and quality of goods required to be produced. AIS help in making decisions regarding revenue maximization techniques and cost reduction techniques. It is unless an organization develops strategies that ensure that costs are reduced as much as possible, and revenue maximized, achievement or organizational goals will be next to impossible Uses of value chain in providing a competitive advantage for a manufacturing company Businesses venture into business operations with the aim of making a profit. However, with the dynamism experienced in the modern business environment, profit is not a guarantee. This is because the business environment has various forces emanating from the business environment which can threaten to blow up a business entity and bring it down (Salehi, Abdipour, 2011). Competition is one of the factors that affect a business performance and it is important that a company develop strategies that will help it counter competitors strategies. Value chain can be used to enable an organization to achieve competitive advantage. In a manufacturing setup, the timely production and delivery of finished goods are important to the organization. In order to maximize profit, an organization should aim at maximizing revenue and minimize the total production cost. Untimely production of goods leads to shortages like the stock out the cost. These shortages negatively affect the reputation of the company and work to the advantage of the competitors. Ideally, when shortages of goods occur due to poor production processes which lead to production stoppages, customers tend to opt for competitors products (Kanellou, Spathis, 2013). The forgone contribution not only affects the companys revenue but also reduces the companys competitive advantage. Additionally, shortages affect the corporate image of an organization consequently affecting goodwill. Therefore shortages increase on costs and minimize on revenue, thus reducing profit margins. In such a case, a company loses competitive advantage. According to Porter (2004), a company achieves competitive advantage if it is in a position to meets the needs of its customers. Well designed AIS helps an organization ensure effectiveness and efficiency of business operations. Additionally, well-designed AIS ensure timely sharing of information and save an organization the agony of loss as a result of broken and inefficient communication channels (Soudani, 2012). Proper communication among the company departments often ensures efficient communication thus effective business operations. References Collier, P. M. (2015).Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Davenport, T. H. (2013).Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Gelinas, U. J., Dull, R. B., Wheeler, P. (2011).Accounting information systems. Cengage learning. Grabski, S. V., Leech, S. A., Schmidt, P. J. (2011). A review of ERP research: A future agenda for accounting information systems.Journal of information systems,25(1), 37-78. Kanellou, A., Spathis, C. (2013). International Journal of Accounting Information Systems.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14, 209-234. Porter, M. E. (2004).Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York: Free Press. Salehi, M., Abdipour, A. (2011). A study of the barriers of implementation of accounting information system: Case of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange.Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies,2(2), 76-85. Soudani, S. N. (2012). The usefulness of an accounting information system for effective organizational performance.International Journal of Economics and Finance,4(5), 136. Urqua Grande, E., Prez Estbanez, R., Muoz Colomina, C. (2011). The impact of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) on performance measures: empirical evidence in Spanish SMEs.

The Causes of Poverty Concentration in the Modern World

Introduction In wealthy nations, concentrations of poverty always exist and persist. The major reason for poverty concentration is income inequality. The causes can best be understood using three theoretical perspectives: labor market dynamics, institutional view, and socioeconomic environment view.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes of Poverty Concentration in the Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper therefore explores the causes of such concentrations and localities of poverty using the three theoretical perspectives. It then provides remedies for the inequality witnessed and gives an analysis of why the causes and remedies to income inequality in rich nations may differ from those of poor economies. Poverty definition Poverty is a deprivation of basic needs and well being in people. In simple terms, poverty is best understood as the lack of money or commodities in general and the in ability to access opportunities to functions within a society [Handbook: pp1]. The use of income paradigm helps to monetize the concept of poverty. Even though the average income of people living in developed countries is above the poverty line, the nations still experience concentrations of poverty especially when it comes to income inequality. The gap between high income earners and low income earners is widening despite the fact that there a reduced gap between the rich and the poor. Reasons for concentrations of poverty There are three main perspectives that help understand the causes of income inequality in developed countries. The three include socioeconomic environment view, institutional view, and labor market dynamics. Labor dynamics Two approaches can be used to explain how labor dynamics increases concentrations of poverty in developed economies. The first one is skill-biased technical change. According to this approach, there is creation of a technological shift that fav ors a portion of the labor market and leaving the other portion trying to cope with the situation. For instance, advances in technology will favor highly skilled workforce over the low skilled workforce. Essentially, demand for high skill labor has been on the rise within developed countries thereby creating biasness in the labor market. As the demand for high skilled labor increases, the wages also increases leading to a wage inequality in the labor market. This may be illustrated using a supply-demand model. When new technologies are introduced, supply of skilled labor expands at a slower rate than demand does. There is competition between innovation and education.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As for low-skilled labor, both supply of and demand for it decreases over time, resulting in no upward pressure on wages. At the same time, skill-biased technical change leads to increasing labor market premium to skill and thus increasing wage in high-skilled labor market. Therefore, distributional problems arise. In addition, changes in international trade patterns and off-shoring also have impact on demand for skills, especially for people at the bottom of skill-income distribution. Additionally, the effects of the labor market dynamics on the poverty concentration can be explained using the traditional models. The Kuznet hypothesis and Lewis model predict that income inequality should follow an inverse U-curve along the process of development [Understanding poverty pp63]. Empirically observed curves over a long term do not provide strong supports to this hypothesis. Kuznets stressed development as a process of economy moving from rural (labor-intensive) sector to urban (IT-intensive or labor saving) sector. His argument seems to be supported by the 1913-1948 inequality declines in many developed countries. But they seem â€Å"to be due to specific econo mic shocks and circumstances† that do not have much to do with labor migration. [Understanding poverty p64] Institutional view Both formal and informal institutions play important roles in disparities of incomes. In formal institution, expansion of educational infrastructure cannot match up with the expansion of innovation and technology. There is unequal distribution of resources through redistribution and welfare transfer. Redistribution of resources occurs through mechanisms such as divorce charity, welfare, monetary policies, and taxation. The currently existing policies and government interventions on redistribution of incomes do not favor income equality. The regulation in labor market lack control over executive compensation. In as much as high income earners are taxed, the policies on taxation do not favor the low and middle income earners. In regards to the informal institution and social norms, executive compensation has been noted to have a phenomenal increase in th e US between 1970 and 2000. This rise is disproportionate to the rise in executives’ productivity and efficiency. In Europe during the same period, no such observation was made. The social economic environment view This perspective is best understood under the view of informal institutions [Groups 146-147]. At individual levels, parental income on offspring education has been identified to have an impact on income disparity witnessed in developed countries. Most young people opt for high education in order to attain high income.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes of Poverty Concentration in the Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those with low levels of education cannot attract certain kinds of jobs with high income levels. At the social levels, there is clustering of poverty which affects individual’s social economic outcomes. Poverty level in urban centers within developed coun tries is framed on the living conditions of dwellers. There are neighborhoods for the wealthy, the upper middle class, and the lower middle class. There are also neighborhoods that enclave on ethnicity and racial backgrounds. This clustering creates an effect on the individual and social economic outcomes. The behavior of individuals within these groups and neighborhoods is influenced by the characteristics and earlier behaviors of elder members of the group. Peer group effect has also been identified to play a role in the economic outcomes of the individuals in the groups [Groups 147]. Remedies Reducing income disparity witnessed in developed countries can be achieved through various mechanisms. The two major ways may include redistribution through benefits and taxation, and ensuring smaller income differences before taxation. However, the redistribution methods should ensure a progressive tax system and estate tax. Both approaches cab be used collectively or combined to address th e situation of income inequality within developed countries. The nature of government activities relating to the economy of a nation makes it impossible to have equal income distribution, especially in a free market economy or a mixed market economy. Income distribution will always be unequal. However, government interventions and regulations can help reduce the disparity. The idea of wage compression and minimum wage encourages investment in non skilled labor thereby reducing the biasness witnessed whenever there is technical change [Understanding poverty p68]. Regulations in the labor market need to be structured in way that encourages parity in income levels. For instance, there are no regulations to review the compensation for the c-level management. Why different Institutional and geographical factors have been described to be at the center of differences in prosperity. The nations located in the tropics are not as rich as those located in the temperate areas. This does not nec essarily imply that climatic conditions have a major role in economic outcomes, but it is a determinant of prosperity. Additionally, the institutions within these areas greatly differ. The main reason for this difference is because of the shaping that transpired during the colonial era. As the Europeans settled in different areas, they set institutions based on the need of each location. For instance, the whites created institutions that attracted economic progress and investment in geographical areas associated with temperate climate. At the tropics, the kinds of institutions set up in these areas were extractive in nature making these areas to be less prosperous.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Geography becomes an important factor to explain the difference because of the historical role it plays in economic outcomes. Some of the nations that are rich today have been rich since history and this can be attributed to their geographical location. The tropic areas were also once richer than the temperate areas, but the impact of colonial activities turned the tables for these areas [33]. Institutions vary over time and across countries. They affect both the economic prosperity and the distribution of income. Good and effective institutions have the implication of enforcement of the rule of law and property rights. They give rise to well-functioning markets, development of infrastructure, and innovation. They also increase social welfare. But the change from dysfunctional institutions to good ones may be blocked by powerful groups whose interests may get hurt if the change takes place [p20-21]. Conclusion Based on the discussion developed in the paper, it is apparent that even though the average income of people living in developed countries is above the poverty line, the nations still experience income inequality. In order to understand the causes of inequality in rich nations, three theoretical points of view have been used: labor market dynamics, institutional view, and socioeconomic environment view. Recommendations on solutions to the problem have also been provided. The remedies focus on two major areas: redistribution of income and ensuring smaller income differences before taxation. Lastly, institutional and geographical factors have been used to explain the differences in remedies and cause of poverty between developing nations and developed economies. This essay on The Causes of Poverty Concentration in the Modern World was written and submitted by user Joey Gray to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample Compare and Contrast Art Essay

Sample Compare and Contrast Art EssayA sample compare and contrast art essay focuses on the various aspects of modern art. It also includes the way these subjects have been incorporated into the curriculum of a contemporary art school.If your child is interested in art, you may want to include a few of the questions to which they may respond with an essay of their own. Questions such as: what art does your child like, what makes it special, where it originated from, and who influenced its development? These are all the topics that will be covered in a sample compare and contrast art essay. When parents who are looking for answers to these questions begin to ask the right questions, they may find themselves scratching their heads in confusion.It is important to know how your child's interest in art can be transferred to an art school. One possible approach is to have your child write a paper, something that they may have used to illustrate some aspect of art, such as a painting or scu lpture. This paper could then be sent off to a potential art school, to see if they may be able to find out more about your child's abilities.You should have a few samples of compare and contrast art essays ready when you begin to work on your sample compare and contrast art essay. These will be provided by various art schools, as well as galleries and museums, all of which are different types of art institutions. You may choose to include a couple of these samples in your sample compare and contrast art essay, to test out the skills you need to teach your child about.Each of the different types of art has different qualities, so it is important to consider this when you choose the essay topic. A school may be more interested in answering the question: where did art come from? Therefore, it would be best to include a brief history of art, with examples of works by painters, sculptures, and muralists.The next question to consider would be: what makes art unique? Again, this question will be answered with examples of art from other forms of art, such as paintings, sculptures, and murals. Remember, you want to pick an art essay that highlights your child's strong points, as well as helping him learn how to communicate the qualities of art to others.Creating a sample compare and contrast art essay is an easy task, and all that is needed is a little bit of creativity and ingenuity. With these tips, you should be able to create a quality study guide that will help you identify the strengths and weaknesses of your child's knowledge about art.